Types of Software Development Methods (Waterfall, Rad, Agile, Prototype, etc.)
Understanding Software Development Methods
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According to research from IBM,
software development is a term in computer science. The meaning is a
series of activities carried out to design, create, apply, and support or
improve software functions.
Computer
components are of two types, namely hardware and software. Hardware is a
physical component, while the software is an invisible material. When
operating a computer, these two components work simultaneously.
Hardware or hardware becomes
a container of software that requires the media to work. In contrast, computer
hardware cannot function without software. So, these two components need
each other.
Software
is often referred to as software, containing
a series of programs that make hardware work so that the computer can be
operated. This program contains instructions in a digital format created in
a programming language.
Generally,
there are three types of software in computers, namely systems, programs, and
applications. The system provides the most core functions of a computer. For
example, the Windows operating system, hardware management,
storage memory, and so on.
The second type is software that can be used to create programs. Applications are the software you use most when operating your computer. For example, office applications, media players, antivirus, and others.
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So what
is the meaning of a software development method? In the online KBBI, a
method is defined as an orderly method used to carry out a job in order to
achieve the desired goal.
From this
it can be concluded that the definition of a software development method is an
orderly way to design or improve the functions of a program so that it is
easier for users to operate the computer.
Types of Model Software Development Methods
1. Waterfall method
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| Wikipedia.org |
Waterfall is
a traditional, systematic software development method. This method has
five process stages, including Communication, Planning, Modeling, Construction,
and Deployment.
Communication is the phase where the customer or
project owner communicates their needs and problems to the developer. Then,
together collect the necessary data and formulate software features.
Next,
stepping on the design process. Starting with formulating work estimates,
resource requirements, and workflow planning. Continue with the data
structure design stage, architecture, display, and software algorithms.
The
design is then applied to computer hardware in the form of a programming
language. Construction also
includes a trial phase of software operation to find out its weaknesses.
Once successfully created, the software is distributed to be implemented on general user devices. The findings from the users will be used as materials for developers to evaluate and improve the software further.
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Weaknesses and Strengths of the Waterfall Method
The waterfall method involves
a variety of systematic and comprehensive processes. Resources and stages
of their work are collected in full so as to achieve maximum results. Unfortunately,
the process takes longer.
The system in the waterfall method is a standard
process, making it difficult for developers to improvise. That is why this
method is considered less effective and is often only used in large-scale
system or software development.
2. Prototype method
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Prototype in
Indonesian is defined by the term prototype. The term means an initial
model or a provisional design that still requires various adjustments before it
is declared that it has met the desired results.
There are
five stages in software development using the prototype method. Starting
with the collection of information from customers to the development team. Then,
the team will plan the system and work on the software prototype.
The
results are then submitted to the customer for evaluation. If there are
problems, the team will revise the system so that it really suits customer
needs.
When the revision is complete and has been accepted, the software is ready to be translated into hardware. Then, it is followed by a trial process and various revisions before they can be used.
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Weaknesses and Strengths of the Prototype Method
The prototype method is used
when the project owner knows exactly what he wants, but does not know how to
apply it. The key lies in good communication between customers and
developers.
The
customer must clearly convey his needs. Meanwhile, the developer is also
expected to be able to translate the information in order to produce the
appropriate software. Otherwise, this prototype will not be
an effective method.
Developers
get big challenges from customers. Conversely, the customer can be
satisfied if the developer is successful in meeting their needs. The
cooperation of the two parties will be mutually beneficial.
3. Spiral method
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The spiral method combines the two development methods discussed
earlier, namely the prototype and waterfall. Developers
carry out prototyping in a systematic way typical of the waterfall method.
Generally, the spiral method is applied in large-scale software
development, as well as requiring a complex system. Each process is always
accompanied by an in-depth analysis of the level of risk and development
success.
The spiral method is carried out in five steps. The first is
communication, where the project owner communicates his needs to the developer
of the rank device. Followed by detailed planning of the project being
worked on.
The planning step is followed by an analysis to identify the various
possibilities that may occur during development. Then, the software
development starts and after it is finished it will get an evaluation from the
customer.
The five steps are carried out repeatedly at each stage of development. Starting from concept development, prototype development, repair, change, to the maintenance of the finished system.
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Disadvantages and Pros of the Spiral Method
The spiral method employs complex, lengthy and time-consuming
workflows. This method is not suitable for small projects, let alone low
budget ones. On the other hand, large-scale projects can be carried out
easily using this method.
In addition, the spiral method is also less appropriate if it is done by
inexperienced software developers. The process can be too complex for
beginners who still need a lot of practice.
4. The RAD method
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| researchgate.net |
RAD stands for Rapid Application Development. This method also uses an iterative and incremental approach but emphasizes more on
deadlines and cost efficiency as needed.
The development process using the RAD method is considered to be
shorter. This is because all parties, both customers and developers,
continue to be actively involved in every process until results can be
achieved. In addition, there are also fewer stages of work on this method.
The workflow is simply divided into three phases which are all
solid. Identification of objectives accompanied by direct communication
and design, in which all parties are actively involved in each
formulation. This process is the initial stage of the RAD Method.
The second stage still involves all parties, namely the process of
designing a system or software as needed. Customers or users get involved
in testing the software. The fix is immediately applied if the user
finds an error.
When the user is satisfied with the software design, after going through various improvements, then the work process reaches the last stage, namely implementation. Design software began to be translated into machine language and became available.
Disadvantages and Strengths of the RAD Method
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Some of the shortcomings of the RAD method, among others, are seen in
terms of consistency and personnel capabilities. This method requires
expert development, as well as active and consistent collaboration between the
project owner and the rest of the team.
Without these two things, it is impossible to apply the RAD method in
software development, especially on a large scale. However, if these two
things are properly accommodated, the RAD method is the most effective way to
save time and money.
5. Agile Method
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The scrum discussion has
touched on the agile method quite a bit. The agile method is
the parent of Scrum. If a scrum is
a framework, agile is the implementation of a
large-scale, whole project.
This method is classified as modern because it emphasizes improvisation and
adaptation. Even so, the workflow still applies the traditional,
systematic pattern. Starting from planning needs analysis, design,
testing, implementation, and maintenance.
One of
the keys to agile is
job documentation. Documentation must be neat and structured. This is
closely related to the agile method which
is adaptive to changes in the phenomenon of software users.
Developers
need important data from past work to make continuous improvements. Good
documentation will shorten the time it takes for developers to repair systems
or software.
Pros and Cons of the Agile Method
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If
oriented towards user satisfaction, agile methods provide
the right procedure. Likewise with large projects that require long-term
maintenance. Agile methods are advantageous in
terms of time and energy efficiency.
The
advantages of the agile method also lie in the
adaptability and freedom for the developer to improvise. There is no
standard limit for developers when they want to implement new ideas in
responding to the challenges of the times.
However,
that does not mean that this method has no drawbacks. The biggest
challenge will be faced by developers who are continuously encouraged to adapt
to changing times. The development team must not be selective, it must be
solid and equally committed.
6. The Scrum Method
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This method is a derivative of
the agile method,
which will be discussed separately later. Scrum is often not
classified as a methodology, but rather a framework that uses an iterative
(looping) and incremental (gradual) approach.
Developers
apply Scrum when
they want to build complex systems. This is because this framework is
intended to produce high value, unique and productive products. Reportedly
Google, Microsoft, and Spotify have implemented this system.
Unlike
the waterfall method which
uses a systematic approach, Scrum is applied in
five stages that are imperative and incremental. Therefore, the Scrum framework must
involve several teams synergizing with each other.
The Scrum framework divides
the development process into small targets expressed in sprints. This
term refers to the speed of running a short distance. A number of small
targets must be completed in a short amount of time for a larger end goal.
Development
begins with formulating a priority sprint target
for each team. This is followed by the identification of specific
jobs and the work process according to the predetermined sprint targets. Meanwhile,
periodic evaluations are carried out during the cultivation period of each sprint.
Every time the sprint ends, the team involved always delivers the results of their work. This stage also includes a thorough evaluation and formulation of new ideas that may be applied in the next sprint.
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Pros and Cons of the Scrum Method
The
advantage of the Scrum method lies in its ability to
produce high-value software. It is also seen as more effective because it
is able to solve complex problems by delegating specific tasks to several
independent teams.
A new problem arises when an
obstacle makes a team fail to reach its sprint target. The
impact will affect the rhythm of other teamwork. This method also allows
free improvisation so it requires a team with great flexibility.
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